Journals

The US National Institutes of Health (NIH) have funded an increasing number of grants from young investigators with merit scores below the payline. This policy is critical for retaining and encouraging our future scientific base.

Learning to see in stereo

Donald MitchellDennis LeviDaphne Bavelier

Any kind of mother in a storm

Robert Sapolsky During early development, rats show the unlikely behavior of becoming attracted to the very stimulus that they should avoid. A new study shows that this occurs as a result of a complex interplay of glucocorticoid secretion and dopaminergic tone in the amygdala.

How to button a bouton with ?2?s

Stephan J SigristAndrew J R Plested The ?2?-3 auxiliary subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels promotes the formation of synaptic boutons in Drosophila neuromuscular junction independently of its role in channel localization.

Optimizing brain processing

Alexander Thiele Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain enable alert and attending brain states. A study now shows how basal forebrain activity increases coding abilities of cortical neurons and at what stages these changes occur.

Formation and maintenance of Alzheimer's disease ?-amyloid plaques in the absence of microglia

Stefan A GrathwohlRoland E K�linTristan BolmontStefan ProkopGeorg WinkelmannStephan A KaeserJ�rg OdenthalRebecca RaddeTherese EldhSam GandyAdriano AguzziMatthias StaufenbielPaul M MathewsHartwig WolburgFrank L HeppnerMathias Jucker Contrary to previous findings, this study finds that ablation of microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, does not affect amyloid plaque or neuritic pathology in two mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.

Unmasking the tonic-aversive state in neuropathic pain

Tamara KingLouis Vera-PortocarreroTannia GutierrezTodd W VanderahGregory DussorJosephine LaiHoward L FieldsFrank Porreca Tonic pain, a chief clinical problem, is difficult to study in rodent models that measure threshold changes of evoked reactions to acutely applied stimuli. These authors used conditioned place preference to assess tonic pain in rats and measure the efficacy of agents that relieve it.

Transitions in infant learning are modulated by dopamine in the amygdala

Gordon A BarrStephanie MoriceauKiseko ShionoyaKyle MuznyPuhong GaoShaoning WangRegina M Sullivan The instinctual attachment of young animals to their mothers is crucial for survival. Demonstrating the overriding importance of attachment, very young rat pups learn to prefer an odor coupled to electrical shock if the mother is present. This paper shows that low amygdalar dopamine signaling in very young pups is essential for their paradoxical response to odor/shock conditioning.

Training induces changes in white-matter architecture

Jan ScholzMiriam C KleinTimothy E J BehrensHeidi Johansen-Berg Although previous work has shown that extensive training in the complex visuo-motor skills involved in juggling results in adult gray-matter changes, it is unclear whether such practice can produce similar changes in adult white matter. This paper now uses diffusion tensor imaging to demonstrate structural white-matter changes when adults practice juggling.

Sip1 regulates sequential fate decisions by feedback signaling from postmitotic neurons to progenitors

Eve SeuntjensAnjana NityanandamAmaya MiquelajaureguiJoke DebruynAgata StryjewskaSandra GoebbelsKlaus-Armin NaveDanny HuylebroeckVictor Tarabykin Smad-interacting protein 1 (Sip1) is a transcriptional repressor that acts in the TGF-? signaling pathway. This study finds that Sip1 is involved in a feedback signaling mechanism in which newly generated postmitotic cells in neocortical layers instruct progenitor cells for proper cell-fate switch and proliferation.

Lhx2 specifies regional fate in Emx1 lineage of telencephalic progenitors generating cerebral cortex

Shen-Ju ChouCarlos G Perez-GarciaTodd T KrollDennis D M O'Leary The authors show that the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Lhx2 is responsible for the fate decision of cortical progenitors to generate neocortex or olfactory cortex. Conditional deletion of Lhx2 in telencephalic progenitors refated them to generate three-layer cortex resembling olfactory cortex, rather than lateral neocortex.

GSK-3 is a master regulator of neural progenitor homeostasis

Woo-Yang KimXinshuo WangYaohong WuBradley W DobleSatish PatelJames R WoodgettWilliam D Snider The authors report the conditional deletion of the alpha and beta forms of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) in mouse neural progenitors. This deletion is associated with dysregulations in ?-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways and leads to markedly increased proliferation of neural progenitors.

The oligodendrocyte-specific G protein?coupled receptor GPR17 is a cell-intrinsic timer of myelination

Ying ChenHeng WuShuzong WangHisami KoitoJianrong LiFeng YeJenny HoangSabine S EscobarAlexander GowHeather A ArnettBruce D TrappNitin J KarandikarJenny HsiehQ Richard Lu Here, Chen et al. describe the role of the G protein?coupled receptor GPR17 in oligodendrocytes and show that it acts as a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination.

Mst3b, an Ste20-like kinase, regulates axon regeneration in mature CNS and PNS pathways

Barbara LorberMariko L HoweLarry I BenowitzNina Irwin This study shows that the kinase Mst3b is required cell-autonomously for axon regeneration of both retinal ganglion cells and peripheral sensory neurons in vitro and in vivo.

Presynaptic ?2?-3 is required for synaptic morphogenesis independent of its Ca2+-channel functions

Peri T KurshanAsli OztanThomas L Schwarz The main function of the ?2?-3 calcium channel subunit is thought to be facilitation of the pore-forming subunit delivery to presynaptic terminals. Kurshan et al. now show that this subunit has other, independent synaptogenic functions and that it is important for shaping the architecture of the synapse.

Functional consequences of animal-to-animal variation in circuit parameters

Jean-Marc GoaillardAdam L TaylorDavid J SchulzEve Marder The authors found considerable preparation-to-preparation variability in the strength of two identified synapses, the amplitude of a modulator-evoked current and the expression of six ion channel genes in the pyloric circuit of the crab stomatogastric ganglion. These parameters correlated with circuit performance. Circuits produced similar outputs because of compensatory and coordinated changes among the parameters.

PDF-modulated visual inputs and cryptochrome define diurnal behavior in Drosophila

Paola CusumanoAndr� KlarsfeldElisabeth Ch�lotMarie PicotBenjamin RichierFran�ois Rouyer Using endogenous circadian oscillators, Drosophila can anticipate diurnal light on/off transition and behave accordingly. Here, the authors show that the fly evening oscillator circuit can synchronize to light cycle through the visual system and the molecular components of morning oscillator.

CREB regulates excitability and the allocation of memory to subsets of neurons in the amygdala

Yu ZhouJaejoon WonMikael Guzman KarlssonMiou ZhouThomas RogersonJayaprakash BalajiRachael NevePanayiota PoiraziAlcino J Silva Silva et al. show that CREB modulates allocation of fear memory to specific cells in the lateral amygdala. Reversibly inactivating a subset of CREB-expressing neurons disrupted memory for tone conditioning. Neurons with higher CREB levels were more excitable than their neighbors and showed larger synaptic efficacy changes following tone conditioning.

Basal forebrain activation enhances cortical coding of natural scenes

Michael GoardYang Dan The nucleus basalis is thought to regulate arousal and attention via release of acetylcholine in the cortex. Here the authors report that nucleus basalis stimulation in rats results in a decorrelation between visual cortical neurons as a result of activation of cortical muscarinic receptors and an increase in the reliability of responses to natural scenes as a result of more distributed changes along the visual pathway.

Behavioral choice by presynaptic inhibition of tactile sensory terminals

Quentin GaudryWilliam B Kristan A feeding leech ignores incoming stimuli that would normally cause an avoidance response. This study found that synaptic transmission from mechanosensory neurons to postsynaptic partners was reduced in feeding leeches. This presynaptic depression by feeding could be mimicked by serotonin and was antagonized by a blocker of an unusual serotonin-gated chloride channel.

Frontal eye field neurons signal changes in decision criteria

Vincent P FerreraMarianna YanikeCarlos Cassanello Monkeys were trained to switch rapidly between two category boundaries when classifying the speed of a moving dot pattern. Neurons in the frontal eye field changed their activity when the boundary changed and a subset of these neurons were used to classify the stimuli nearly as accurately as the monkeys' behavioral performance.

Persistent neural activity in the human frontal cortex when maintaining space that is off the map

Kyeong-Jin TarkClayton E Curtis Activity in the frontal eye fields (FEF) is important for visuospatial processing and is thought to code information in retinal coordinates. This fMRI study finds FEF activity even for auditory locations behind the head, suggesting that extra-retinal space is also coded in this area.

Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance

Vincent van VeenMarie K KrugJonathan W SchoolerCameron S Carter When our actions conflict with our prior attitudes, we often change our attitudes to be more consistent with our actions, a phenomenon that is known as cognitive dissonance. Here the authors report that activity during cognitive dissonance in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula predicts subsequent attitude changes.

ScienceDirect Publication: NeuroImage

Intraoperative dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (iDSC-MRI) is as reliable as preoperatively acquired perfusion mapping

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 6 November 2009Stephan, Ulmer , Gesa, Hartwigsen , Christian, Riedel , Olav, Jansen , H. Maximilian, Mehdorn , ...DSC-MRI was applied intraoperatively during human brain tumor removal. Immediately after complete tumor resection was presumed, MRI including a dynamic susceptibility contrast T2?-weighted EPI sequence was performed in 30 patients while the skull was still open using a flexible two-channel coil system at an intraoperative 1.5-Tesla MR scanner. Maps of relative regional blood flow (rCBF), blood volume (rCBV), and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated, and ratios of these maps were compared to preoperatively acquired DSC-MRI data. The extent of the resection was compared with the postoperative MRI performed 24 h after the operation. In 8 of these patients residual...

Multivariate Tensor-based Morphometry on Surfaces: Application to Mapping Ventricular Abnormalities in HIV/AIDS

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 6 November 2009Yalin, Wang , Jie, Zhang , Boris, Gutman , Tony F., Chan , James T., Becker , ...Here we developed a new method, called multivariate tensor-based surface morphometry (TBM), and applied it to study lateral ventricular surface dif- ferences associated with HIV/AIDS. Using concepts from differential geome- try and the theory of differential forms, we created mathematical structures known as holomorphic one-forms, to obtain an efficient and accurate confor- mal parameterization of the lateral ventricular surfaces in the brain. The new meshing approach also provides a natural way to register anatomical surfaces across subjects, and improves on prior methods as it handles sur- faces that branch and join at complex 3D junctions. To analyze anatomical differences, we...

Probabilistic tractography of the optic radiations ? an automated method and anatomical validation

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 6 November 2009P.L., Clatworthy , G.B., Williams , J., Acosta-Cabronero , S.P., Jones , S.G., Harding , ...Accurately tracing the optic radiations in living humans has important implications for studying the relationship between tract structure or integrity and visual function, in health and disease. Probabilistic tractography is an established method for tracing white matter tracts in humans. Prior studies have used this method to trace the optic radiations, but operator-dependent factors, particularly variability in seed voxel placement and choice of connectivity threshold to select between tract and non-tract voxels, remain potential causes of significant variability. Methods using prior information to modify tract images risk introducing error by underestimating individual variability, particularly in subjects with abnormal anatomy. Finally,...

Unbiased ROI selection in neuroimaging studies of individual differences

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 6 November 2009Roberto, VivianiIndividual differences studies are those that investigate the interaction between a subject level covariate, such as sex, age, or performance, and the effect of an experimental task. Commonly, a brain region is selected on the basis of the task effect, and the signal in this region correlated with individual covariates. It is shown here that, provided that data are identically and independently distributed between subjects, the selection of the region on the basis of the task effect is unbiased in two cases: when selection is based on a one-sample t test of the task effect, or when the subject level...

Local White Matter Geometry from Diffusion Tensor Gradients

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 5 November 2009Peter, Savadjiev , Gordon L., Kindlmann , Sylvain, Bouix , Martha E., Shenton , Carl-Fredrik, WestinWe introduce a mathematical framework for computing geometrical properties of white matter fibres directly from diffusion tensor fields. The key idea is to isolate the portion of the gradient of the tensor field corresponding to local variation in tensor orientation, and to project it onto a coordinate frame of tensor eigenvectors. The resulting eigenframe-centered representation then makes it possible to define scalar indices (or measures) that describe the local white matter geometry directly from the diffusion tensor field and its gradient, without requiring prior tractography. We derive new scalar indices of (1) fibre dispersion and (2) fibre curving, and we...

Identifying True Cortical Interactions in MEG using the Nulling Beamformer

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 5 November 2009Hua Brian, Hui , Dimitrios, Pantazis , Steven L., Bressler , Richard M., LeahyModeling functional brain interaction networks using non-invasive EEG and MEG data is more challenging than using intracranial recording data. This is because most interaction measures are not robust to the cross-talk (interference) between cortical regions, which may arise due to the limited spatial resolution of EEG/MEG inverse procedures. In this paper we describe a modi_ed beamforming approach to accurately measure cortical interactions from EEG/MEG data, designed to suppress cross-talk between cortical regions. We estimate interaction measures from the output of the modi_ed beamformer and test for statistical signi_cance using permutation tests. Since the underlying neuronal sources and their interactions are...

Reliable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks: Test-Retest Evaluation Using ICA and Dual Regression Approach

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 5 November 2009X.N., Zuo , C., Kelly , J.S., Adelstein , D.F., Klein , F.X., Castellanos , ...Functional connectivity analyses of resting-state fMRI data are rapidly emerging as highly efficient and powerful tools for in vivo mapping of functional networks in the brain, referred to as intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs). Despite a burgeoning literature, researchers continue to struggle with the challenge of defining computationally efficient and reliable approaches for identifying and characterizing ICNs. Independent component analysis (ICA) has emerged as a powerful tool for exploring ICNs in both healthy and clinical populations. In particular, temporal concatenation group ICA (TCGICA) coupled with a back-reconstruction step produces participant-level RSFC maps for each group-level component. The present work systematically evaluated...

Mapping of functional brain activity in freely behaving rats during voluntary running using manganese-enhanced MRI: Implication for longitudinal studies

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 4 November 2009O., Eschenko , S., Canals , I., Simanova , M., Beyerlein , Y., Murayama , ...Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is widely used in basic and clinical research to map the structural and functional organization of the brain. An important need of MR research is for contrast agents that improve soft-tissue contrast, enable visualization of neuronal tracks, and enhance the capacity of MRI to provide functional information at different temporal scales. Unchelated manganese can be such an agent, and Manganese-Enhanced MRI (MEMRI) can potentially be an excellent technique for localization of brain activity (for review see (Silva and Bock, 2008)). Yet, the toxicity of manganese presents a major limitation for employing MEMRI in behavioral paradigms. We...

A Dual-Route Perspective on Brain Activation in Response to Visual Words: Evidence for a Length by Lexicality Interaction in the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 4 November 2009Matthias, Schurz , Denise, Sturm , Fabio, Richlan , Martin, Kronbichler , Gunther, Ladurner , ...Based on our previous work, we expected the Visual Word Form Area (VWFA) in the left ventral visual pathway to be engaged by both whole-word recognition and by serial sublexical coding of letter strings. To examine this double function, a phonological lexical decision task (i.e., ?Does xxx sound like an existing word??) presented short and long letter strings of words, pseudohomophones, and pseudowords (e.g., Taxi, Taksi and Tazi). Main findings were that the length effect for words was limited to occipital regions and absent in the VWFA. In contrast, a marked length effect for pseudowords was found throughout the ventral...

Object familiarity modulates the relationship between visual object imagery and haptic shape perception

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 4 November 2009Simon, Lacey , Peter, Flueckiger , Randall, Stilla , Michael, Lava , K., SathianAlthough visual cortical engagement in haptic shape perception is well established, its relationship with visual imagery remains controversial. We addressed this using functional magnetic resonance imaging during separate visual object imagery and haptic shape perception tasks. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the haptic shape task employed unfamiliar, meaningless objects, whereas familiar objects were used in the second experiment. The activations evoked by visual object imagery overlapped more extensively, and their magnitudes were more correlated, with those evoked during haptic shape perception of familiar, compared to unfamiliar, objects. In the companion paper (Deshpande et al., 2009), we used...

Good practices in EEG-MRI: The utility of retrospective synchronization and PCA for the removal of MRI gradient artefacts

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 3 November 2009H., Mandelkow , D., Brandeis , P., BoesigerThe electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inside the scanner is obstructed by the MRI gradient artefact (MGA) originating from the electromagnetic interference of the MRI with the sensitive measurement of electrical scalp potentials. Post-processing algorithms based on average artefact subtraction (AAS) have proven to be efficient in removing the MGA. However, the residual MGA after AAS still limits the quality and usable bandwidth of the EEG data despite further reduction through re-sampling, principal component analysis (PCA), and regressive filtering.We recently demonstrated that the residual MGA can largely be avoided by means of hardware synchronisation. Here we present...

Registration accuracy for VBM studies varies according to region and degenerative disease grouping

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 3 November 2009J.M.S., Pereira , L., Xiong , J., Acosta-Cabronero , G., Pengas , G.B., Williams , ...Voxel-based morphometry studies are frequently cited as having the advantage of being objective compared to region-of-interest methods. This statement assumes, however, that all regions are treated equally both in controls and diseased cohorts. This study aimed to test whether this statement is correct by analysing fiducial landmarks in controls, Alzheimer?s disease (as a model of mild generalised atrophy model); Frontotemporal Dementia (focal atrophy model) and Semantic Dementia (extreme focal atrophy model). Standard SPM5 and DARTEL were evaluated using either raw or skull-stripped/bias corrected scans. The results indicated that with all methods there was variability in the degree of misregistration across...

fMRI connectivity, meaning and empiricism

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 3 November 2009Olivier, David

Neural Systems of Social Comparison and the ?Above-Average? Effect

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 31 October 2009Jennifer S., Beer , Brent L., HughesExtant neural models of self-evaluation are dominated by associations with medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) function and have mostly been developed from studies differentiating self-evaluation from evaluation of other people. Although self-evaluation is robustly characterized by systematic biases, current neural models of self-evaluation cannot speak to their neurobiology because of a lack of research. The few extant studies have made claims about associations between bias and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) function but have confounded bias with the valence of experimental stimuli. In Study 1, fMRI was used to examine the neurobiology of the "above average"...

Emotional Priming Effects during Stroop Task Performance

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 31 October 2009Sarah J., Hart , Steven R., Green , Michael, Casp , Aysenil, BelgerThe ability to make decisions within an emotional context requires a balance between two functionally integrated neural systems that primarily support executive control and affective processing. Several studies have demonstrated effects of emotional interference presented during an ongoing cognitive task, but it is unclear how activating the emotional circuitry prior to a cognitive task may enhance or disrupt the executive system. In this study we used fMRI to examine the effects of emotional priming on executive processing during a number Stroop task. Our results indicated that during trials with less executive requirements, there was a greater aversive emotional attenuation effect...

Increased amygdala activation to averted versus direct gaze in humans is independent of valence of facial expression

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 31 October 2009Thomas, Straube , Bernd, Langohr , Stephanie, Schmidt , Hans-Joachim, Mentzel , Wolfgang H.R., MiltnerA recent study in monkeys [Hoffman et al. (2007) Curr Biol. 17(9): 766-72] showed that averted gaze displayed by conspecifics activates the amygdala regardless of the valence of facial expression (angry, neutral, appeasing). In contrast to this result, previous findings on amygdala activation to gaze information in humans have been mainly interpreted in terms of threat-related processing of facial signals. In the present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study with humans, we investigated brain responses to angry, happy, and neutral faces with either direct or averted gaze. Averted vs. direct gaze induced increased amygdala responses regardless of facial expression. This...

Reply to Friston and David

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 31 October 2009Alard, Roebroeck , Elia, Formisano , Rainer, Goebel

The effect of metric selection on the analysis of diffusion tensor MRI data

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 30 October 2009Ofer, Pasternak , Nir, Sochen , Peter J., BasserThe measurement of the distance between diffusion tensors is the foundation on which any subsequent analysis or processing of these quantities, such as registration, regularization, interpolation, or statistical inference is based. In recent years a family of Riemannian tensor metrics based on geometric considerations has been introduced for this purpose. In this work we examine the properties one would use to select metrics for diffusion tensors, diffusion coefficients, and diffusion weighted MR image data. We show that empirical evidence supports the use of a Euclidean metric for diffusion tensors, based upon Monte Carlo simulations. Our findings suggest that affine-invariance is...

Neural Foundations of Risk-Return Trade-Off in Investment Decisions

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 October 2009Peter N.C., Mohr , Guido, Biele , Lea K., Krugel , Shu-Chen, Li , Hauke R., HeekerenMany decisions people make can be described as decisions under risk. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these decisions is an important goal in decision neuroscience. Two competing classes of risky decision making models have been proposed to describe human behavior, namely utility-based models and risk-return models. Here we used a novel investment decision task that uses streams of (past) returns as stimuli to investigate how consistent the two classes of models are with the neurobiological processes underlying investment decisions (where outcomes usually follow continuous distributions). By showing (a) that risk-return models can explain choices behaviorally and (b) that the components...

Functional MRI of Postnatal Visual Development in Normal and Hypoxic-ischemic Injured Superior Colliculi

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 October 2009Kevin C., Chan , Kyle K., Xing , Matthew M., Cheung , Iris Y., Zhou , Ed X., WuThe superior colliculus (SC) is a laminated subcortical structure in the mammalian midbrain, whose superficial layers receive visual information from the retina and the visual cortex. To date, its functional organization and development in the visual system remain largely unknown. This study employed blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI to evaluate the visual responses of the SC in normally developing and severe neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injured rat brains from the time of eyelid opening to adulthood. MRI was performed to the normal animals (n=7) at postnatal days (P) 14, 21, 28 and 60. In the HI-injured group (n=7), the ipsilesional...

Neural Mechanisms of the Influence of Popularity on Adolescent Ratings of Music

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 October 2009Gregory S., Berns , C. Monica, Capra , Sara, Moore , Charles, NoussairIt is well-known that social influences affect consumption decisions. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to elucidate the neural mechanisms associated with social influence with regard to a common consumer good: music. Our study population was adolescents, age 12-17. Music is a common purchase in this age group, and it is widely believed that adolescent behavior is influenced by perceptions of popularity in their reference group. Using 15-second clips of songs from MySpace.com, we obtained behavioral measures of preferences and neurobiological responses to the songs. The data were gathered with, and without, the overall popularity of the song revealed....

Quantitative Prediction of Subjective Pain Intensity from Whole-Brain fMRI Data Using Gaussian Processes

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 October 2009Andre, Marquand , Matthew, Howard , Michael, Brammer , Carlton, Chu , Steven, Coen , ...Supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly popular tools for fMRI decoding due to their predictive capability and their ability to capture information encoded by spatially correlated voxels. In addition, an important secondary outcome is a multivariate representation of the pattern underlying the prediction. Despite an impressive array of applications, most fMRI applications are framed as classification problems and predictions are limited to categorical class decisions. For many applications, quantitative predictions are desirable that more accurately represent variability within subject groups and that can be correlated with behavioural variables. We evaluate the predictive capability of Gaussian process (GP) models for...

Improving HAMMER Registration Algorithm by Soft Correspondence Matching and Thin-Plate Splines based Deformation Interpolation

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Guorong, Wu , Pew-Thian, Yap , Dinggang, ShenWe present an improved MR brain image registration algorithm, called TPS-HAMMER, which is based on the concepts of attribute vectors and hierarchical landmark selection scheme proposed in the highly successful HAMMER registration algorithm. We demonstrate that TPS-HAMMER algorithm yields better registration accuracy, robustness, and speed over HAMMER owing to: 1) the employment of soft correspondence matching, and 2) the utilization of thin-plate splines (TPS) for sparse-to-dense deformation field generation. These two aspects can be integrated into a unified framework, to refine the registration iteratively by alternating between soft correspondence matching and dense deformation field estimation. Compared with HAMMER, TPS-HAMMER affords...

A functional imaging investigation of moral deliberation and moral intuition

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Carla L., Harenski , Olga, Antonenko , Matthew S., Shane , Kent A., KiehlPrior functional imaging studies of moral processing have utilized ?explicit? moral tasks that involve moral deliberation (e.g., reading statements such as ?he shot the victim? and rating the moral appropriateness of the behavior) or ?implicit? moral tasks that involve moral intuition (e.g., reading similar statements and memorizing them for a test but not rating their moral appropriateness). Although the neural mechanisms underlying moral deliberation and moral intuition may differ, these have not been directly compared. Studies using explicit moral tasks have reported increased activity in several regions, most consistently the medial prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction. In the few studies...

Comprehension of degraded speech sounds with m-sequence modulation: An fMRI study

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Hiroshige, Takeichi , Sachiko, Koyama , Atsushi, Terao , Fumiya, Takeuchi , Yuko, Toyosawa , ...In a recent electroencephalography (EEG) study (Takeichi et al., 2007a), we developed a new technique for assessing speech comprehension using speech degraded by m-sequence modulation, and found a correlation peak with a 400-ms delay. This peak depended on the comprehensibility of the modulated speech sounds. Here we report the results of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment comparable to our previous EEG experiment. We examined brain areas related to verbal comprehension of the modulated speech sound to examine which neural system processes this modulated speech. A non-integer, alternating-block factorial design was used with 23 Japanese-speaking participants, with time reversal...

Intra- and interscanner variability of automated voxel-based volumetry based on a 3D probabilistic atlas of human cerebral structures

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009H.-J., Huppertz , J., Kröll-Seger , S., Klöppel , R.E., Ganz , J., KassubekThe intra- and inter-scanner variability of an automated method for MRI-based volumetry was investigated. Using SPM5 algorithms and predefined masks derived from a probabilistic whole-brain atlas, this method allows to determine the volumes of various brain structures (e.g., hemispheres, lobes, cerebellum, basal ganglia, grey and white matter etc.) in single subjects in an observer-independent fashion. A healthy volunteer was scanned three times at six different MRI scanners (including different vendors and field strenghts) to calculate intra- and inter-scanner volumetric coefficients of variation (CV). The mean intra-scanner CV values per brain structure ranged from 0.50% to 4.4% (median, 0.89%), while the...

White matter microstructure underlying default mode network connectivity in the human brain

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Stefan J., Teipel , Arun L.W., Bokde , Thomas, Meindl , Edson, Amaro Jr. , Jasmin, Soldner , ...Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals a distinct network of correlated brain function representing a default mode state of the human brain. The underlying structural basis of this functional connectivity pattern is still widely unexplored. We combined fractional anisotropy measures of fiber tract integrity derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state fMRI data obtained at 3 Tesla from 20 healthy elderly subjects (56 to 83 years of age) to determine white matter microstructure underlying default mode connectivity. We hypothesized that the functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate and hippocampus from resting state fMRI data would be...

The costs of monitoring simultaneously two sensory modalities decrease when dividing attention in space

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Valerio, Santangelo , Sabrina, Fagioli , Emiliano, MacalusoTraditional views of multisensory integration emphasise the advantage of stimulating or attending to different senses at one single spatial location. We challenge this view demonstrating that in-parallel processing of two sensory modalities can be more efficient when attention is spatially divided rather than focused. We asked subjects to monitor simultaneously vision and audition either at one location (focused attention) or in the two opposite hemifields (divided attention), or to monitor one single modality at one or two locations. Behavioural results demonstrated that the costs of monitoring two modalities, versus one modality, decrease when spatial attention is divided between two separate...

Cortical substrate of bladder control in SCI and the effect of peripheral pudendal stimulation

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Monika-Zita, Zempleni , Lars, Michels , Ulrich, Mehnert , Brigitte, Schurch , Spyros, KolliasWe investigate: (i) the central representation of lower urinary tract (LUT) control and (ii - iii) the acute and short-term central neuromodulatory effect of peripheral pudendal nerve stimulation in incomplete spinal cord injured (SCI) patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The urinary bladder of eight SCI patients has been passively filled and emptied using a catheter, to identify the neural substrate of bladder control (i), and with simultaneous peripheral pudendal nerve stimulation to investigate its acute central neuromodulatory effect (ii). To identify the potential effects of pudendal nerve stimulation treatment (iii), six patients underwent a two-week training using pudendal...

Improving HAMMER Registration Algorithm by Soft Correspondence Matching and Thin-Plate Splines based Deformation Interpolation

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Guorong, Wu , Pew-Thian, Yap , Dinggang, ShenWe present an improved MR brain image registration algorithm, called TPS-HAMMER, which is based on the concepts of attribute vectors and hierarchical landmark selection scheme proposed in the highly successful HAMMER registration algorithm. We demonstrate that TPS-HAMMER algorithm yields better registration accuracy, robustness, and speed over HAMMER owing to: 1) the employment of soft correspondence matching, and 2) the utilization of thin-plate splines (TPS) for sparse-to-dense deformation field generation. These two aspects can be integrated into a unified framework, to refine the registration iteratively by alternating between soft correspondence matching and dense deformation field estimation. Compared with HAMMER, TPS-HAMMER affords...

A functional imaging investigation of moral deliberation and moral intuition

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Carla L., Harenski , Olga, Antonenko , Matthew S., Shane , Kent A., KiehlPrior functional imaging studies of moral processing have utilized ?explicit? moral tasks that involve moral deliberation (e.g., reading statements such as ?he shot the victim? and rating the moral appropriateness of the behavior) or ?implicit? moral tasks that involve moral intuition (e.g., reading similar statements and memorizing them for a test but not rating their moral appropriateness). Although the neural mechanisms underlying moral deliberation and moral intuition may differ, these have not been directly compared. Studies using explicit moral tasks have reported increased activity in several regions, most consistently the medial prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction. In the few studies...

Comprehension of degraded speech sounds with m-sequence modulation: An fMRI study

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Hiroshige, Takeichi , Sachiko, Koyama , Atsushi, Terao , Fumiya, Takeuchi , Yuko, Toyosawa , ...In a recent electroencephalography (EEG) study (Takeichi et al., 2007a), we developed a new technique for assessing speech comprehension using speech degraded by m-sequence modulation, and found a correlation peak with a 400-ms delay. This peak depended on the comprehensibility of the modulated speech sounds. Here we report the results of a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment comparable to our previous EEG experiment. We examined brain areas related to verbal comprehension of the modulated speech sound to examine which neural system processes this modulated speech. A non-integer, alternating-block factorial design was used with 23 Japanese-speaking participants, with time reversal...

Intra- and interscanner variability of automated voxel-based volumetry based on a 3D probabilistic atlas of human cerebral structures

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009H.-J., Huppertz , J., Kröll-Seger , S., Klöppel , R.E., Ganz , J., KassubekThe intra- and inter-scanner variability of an automated method for MRI-based volumetry was investigated. Using SPM5 algorithms and predefined masks derived from a probabilistic whole-brain atlas, this method allows to determine the volumes of various brain structures (e.g., hemispheres, lobes, cerebellum, basal ganglia, grey and white matter etc.) in single subjects in an observer-independent fashion. A healthy volunteer was scanned three times at six different MRI scanners (including different vendors and field strenghts) to calculate intra- and inter-scanner volumetric coefficients of variation (CV). The mean intra-scanner CV values per brain structure ranged from 0.50% to 4.4% (median, 0.89%), while the...

White matter microstructure underlying default mode network connectivity in the human brain

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Stefan J., Teipel , Arun L.W., Bokde , Thomas, Meindl , Edson, Amaro Jr. , Jasmin, Soldner , ...Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals a distinct network of correlated brain function representing a default mode state of the human brain. The underlying structural basis of this functional connectivity pattern is still widely unexplored. We combined fractional anisotropy measures of fiber tract integrity derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state fMRI data obtained at 3 Tesla from 20 healthy elderly subjects (56 to 83 years of age) to determine white matter microstructure underlying default mode connectivity. We hypothesized that the functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate and hippocampus from resting state fMRI data would be...

The costs of monitoring simultaneously two sensory modalities decrease when dividing attention in space

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Valerio, Santangelo , Sabrina, Fagioli , Emiliano, MacalusoTraditional views of multisensory integration emphasise the advantage of stimulating or attending to different senses at one single spatial location. We challenge this view demonstrating that in-parallel processing of two sensory modalities can be more efficient when attention is spatially divided rather than focused. We asked subjects to monitor simultaneously vision and audition either at one location (focused attention) or in the two opposite hemifields (divided attention), or to monitor one single modality at one or two locations. Behavioural results demonstrated that the costs of monitoring two modalities, versus one modality, decrease when spatial attention is divided between two separate...

Cortical substrate of bladder control in SCI and the effect of peripheral pudendal stimulation

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 October 2009Monika-Zita, Zempleni , Lars, Michels , Ulrich, Mehnert , Brigitte, Schurch , Spyros, KolliasWe investigate: (i) the central representation of lower urinary tract (LUT) control and (ii - iii) the acute and short-term central neuromodulatory effect of peripheral pudendal nerve stimulation in incomplete spinal cord injured (SCI) patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The urinary bladder of eight SCI patients has been passively filled and emptied using a catheter, to identify the neural substrate of bladder control (i), and with simultaneous peripheral pudendal nerve stimulation to investigate its acute central neuromodulatory effect (ii). To identify the potential effects of pudendal nerve stimulation treatment (iii), six patients underwent a two-week training using pudendal...

Cortical gamma-oscillations modulated by listening and overt repetition of phonemes

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Miho, Fukuda , Robert, Rothermel , Csaba, Juhász , Masaaki, Nishida , Sandeep, Sood , ...Both superior temporal gyrus and inferior Rolandic area have been reported to be involved in perception and production of speech in humans. Here, we determined how these cortical structures were activated by listening and subsequent overt articulation of syllables, by measuring event-related gamma-oscillations as quantitative measures of cortical activation. Fifteen subjects were presented an auditory syllable consisting of either ?fee [fi:]?, ?faa [f?:]?, ?hee [hi:]?, or ?haa [h?:]?, and were instructed to overtly repeat each given syllable. Gamma-oscillations in the superior temporal gyrus were highly augmented during syllable-presentation, least augmented at the onset of syllable-articulation, and again highly augmented following...

Shared neural resources between left and right interlimb coordination skills: The neural substrate of abstract motor representations

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009S.P., Swinnen , S., Vangheluwe , J., Wagemans , J.P., Coxon , D.J., Goble , ...Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to reveal the shared neural resources between movements performed with effectors of the left versus right body side. Prior to scanning, subjects extensively practiced a complex coordination pattern involving cyclical motions of the ipsilateral hand and foot according to a 90° out-of-phase coordination mode. Brain activity associated with this (nonpreferred) coordination pattern was contrasted with pre-existing isodirectional (preferred) coordination to extract the learning-related brain networks. To identify the principal candidates for effector-independent movement encoding, the conjunction of training-related activity for left and right limb coordination was determined. A dominantly left-lateralized parietal-to-(pre)motor activation network was...

Modulation of neuronal activity after spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain; H215O PET study

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Haruhiko, Kishima , Youichi, Saitoh , Satoru, Oshino , Koichi, Hosomi , Ali, Mohamed , ...Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective therapy for chronic neuropathic pain. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying its effects are not well understood. Positron emission tomography (PET) with H215O was applied to clarify these mechanisms. Nine patients with intractable neuropathic pain in the lower limbs were included in the study. All patients underwent SCS therapy for intractable pain, which was due to failed back surgery syndrome in three patients, complex regional pain syndrome in two, cerebral hemorrhage in two, spinal infarction in one, and spinal cord injury in one. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by H215O PET before...

Atrophy patterns in Alzheimer?s disease and semantic dementia: A comparison of FreeSurfer and manual volumetric measurements

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Manja, Lehmann , Abdel, Douiri , Lois G., Kim , Marc, Modat , Dennis, Chan , ...Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and semantic dementia (SD) are characterized by different patterns of global and temporal lobe atrophy which can be studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Manual delineation of regions of interest is time-consuming. FreeSurfer is a freely-available automated technique which has a facility to label cortical and subcortical brain regions automatically. As with all automated techniques comparison with existing methods is important. Eight temporal lobe structures in each hemisphere were delineated using FreeSurfer and compared with manual segmentations in 10 control, 10 AD, and 10 SD subjects. The reproducibility errors for the manual segmentations ranged from 3%-6%. Differences...

Single-trial coupling of the gamma-band response and the corresponding BOLD signal

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009C., Mulert , G., Leicht , P., Hepp , V., Kirsch , S., Karch , ...Oscillations in the gamma-band frequency range have been described to be more closely connected to hemodynamic changes as assessed with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) than other aspects of neuronal activity. In addition, gamma-band oscillations have attracted much interest during the last few years since they are thought to play a crucial role in many aspects of brain function related to perception and cognition. It was the aim of the present simultaneous EEG-fMRI study to identify brain regions specifically involved in the generation of the auditory gamma-band response (GBR) using single-trial coupling of EEG and fMRI. Ten healthy subjects participated...

Temporal Lobe White Matter Asymmetry and Language Laterality in Epilepsy Patients

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Timothy M., Ellmore , Michael S., Beauchamp , Joshua I., Breier , Jeremy D., Slater , Giridhar P., Kalamangalam , ...Recent studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have advanced our knowledge of the organization of white matter subserving language function. It remains unclear, however, how DTI may be used to predict accurately a key feature of language organization: its asymmetric representation in one cerebral hemisphere. In this study of epilepsy patients with unambiguous lateralization on Wada testing (19 left and 4 right lateralized subjects; no bilateral subjects), the predictive value of DTI for classifying the dominant hemisphere for language was assessed relative to the existing standard - the intra-carotid Amytal (Wada) procedure. Our specific hypothesis is that language laterality in...

Saccadic Spike Potentials in Gamma-Band EEG: Characterization, Detection and Suppression

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Alon S., Keren , Shlomit, Yuval-Greenberg , Leon Y., DeouellAnalysis of high frequency (gamma-band) neural activity by means of non-invasive EEG is gaining increasing interest. However, we have recently shown that a saccade-related Spike Potential (SP) seriously confounds the analysis of EEG induced gamma-Band Responses (iGBR), as the SP eludes traditional EEG artifact rejection methods. Here we provide a comprehensive profile of the SP and evaluate methods for its detection and suppression, aiming to unveil true cerebral gamma-band activity. The SP appears consistently as a sharp bipolar deflection of about 22 ms starting at the saccade onset, with a frequency band of ~20 ? 90 Hz. On the average,...

Single Shot Partial Dual Echo (SPADE) EPI ? An Efficient Acquisition Scheme for Reducing Susceptibility Artefacts in fMRI

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Christian, Schwarzbauer , David A., PorterSPADE is a new acquisition scheme for fMRI based on dual echo EPI. As in previous work, additional spin echo EPI images are used to recover signal in regions that are affected by susceptibility related sensitivity loss in gradient echo EPI. However, with SPADE the additional spin echo images are only acquired for the affected slices, which reduces the acquisition time and enhances the time normalised signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach and discuss potential applications of the SPADE technique in fMRI. We conclude that SPADE provides an efficient acquisition scheme for fMRI applications where whole brain...

Cortical gamma-oscillations modulated by listening and overt repetition of phonemes

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Miho, Fukuda , Robert, Rothermel , Csaba, Juhász , Masaaki, Nishida , Sandeep, Sood , ...Both superior temporal gyrus and inferior Rolandic area have been reported to be involved in perception and production of speech in humans. Here, we determined how these cortical structures were activated by listening and subsequent overt articulation of syllables, by measuring event-related gamma-oscillations as quantitative measures of cortical activation. Fifteen subjects were presented an auditory syllable consisting of either ?fee [fi:]?, ?faa [f?:]?, ?hee [hi:]?, or ?haa [h?:]?, and were instructed to overtly repeat each given syllable. Gamma-oscillations in the superior temporal gyrus were highly augmented during syllable-presentation, least augmented at the onset of syllable-articulation, and again highly augmented following...

Shared neural resources between left and right interlimb coordination skills: The neural substrate of abstract motor representations

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009S.P., Swinnen , S., Vangheluwe , J., Wagemans , J.P., Coxon , D.J., Goble , ...Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to reveal the shared neural resources between movements performed with effectors of the left versus right body side. Prior to scanning, subjects extensively practiced a complex coordination pattern involving cyclical motions of the ipsilateral hand and foot according to a 90° out-of-phase coordination mode. Brain activity associated with this (nonpreferred) coordination pattern was contrasted with pre-existing isodirectional (preferred) coordination to extract the learning-related brain networks. To identify the principal candidates for effector-independent movement encoding, the conjunction of training-related activity for left and right limb coordination was determined. A dominantly left-lateralized parietal-to-(pre)motor activation network was...

Modulation of neuronal activity after spinal cord stimulation for neuropathic pain; H215O PET study

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Haruhiko, Kishima , Youichi, Saitoh , Satoru, Oshino , Koichi, Hosomi , Ali, Mohamed , ...Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective therapy for chronic neuropathic pain. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying its effects are not well understood. Positron emission tomography (PET) with H215O was applied to clarify these mechanisms. Nine patients with intractable neuropathic pain in the lower limbs were included in the study. All patients underwent SCS therapy for intractable pain, which was due to failed back surgery syndrome in three patients, complex regional pain syndrome in two, cerebral hemorrhage in two, spinal infarction in one, and spinal cord injury in one. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by H215O PET before...

Atrophy patterns in Alzheimer?s disease and semantic dementia: A comparison of FreeSurfer and manual volumetric measurements

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Manja, Lehmann , Abdel, Douiri , Lois G., Kim , Marc, Modat , Dennis, Chan , ...Alzheimer?s disease (AD) and semantic dementia (SD) are characterized by different patterns of global and temporal lobe atrophy which can be studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Manual delineation of regions of interest is time-consuming. FreeSurfer is a freely-available automated technique which has a facility to label cortical and subcortical brain regions automatically. As with all automated techniques comparison with existing methods is important. Eight temporal lobe structures in each hemisphere were delineated using FreeSurfer and compared with manual segmentations in 10 control, 10 AD, and 10 SD subjects. The reproducibility errors for the manual segmentations ranged from 3%-6%. Differences...

Single-trial coupling of the gamma-band response and the corresponding BOLD signal

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009C., Mulert , G., Leicht , P., Hepp , V., Kirsch , S., Karch , ...Oscillations in the gamma-band frequency range have been described to be more closely connected to hemodynamic changes as assessed with functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) than other aspects of neuronal activity. In addition, gamma-band oscillations have attracted much interest during the last few years since they are thought to play a crucial role in many aspects of brain function related to perception and cognition. It was the aim of the present simultaneous EEG-fMRI study to identify brain regions specifically involved in the generation of the auditory gamma-band response (GBR) using single-trial coupling of EEG and fMRI. Ten healthy subjects participated...

Temporal Lobe White Matter Asymmetry and Language Laterality in Epilepsy Patients

Publication year: 2009Source: NeuroImage, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 October 2009Timothy M., Ellmore , Michael S., Beauchamp , Joshua I., Breier , Jeremy D., Slater , Giridhar P., Kalamangalam , ...Recent studies using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have advanced our knowledge of the organization of white matter subserving language function. It remains unclear, however, how DTI may be used to predict accurately a key feature of language organization: its asymmetric representation in one cerebral hemisphere. In this study of epilepsy patients with unambiguous lateralization on Wada testing (19 left and 4 right lateralized subjects; no bilateral subjects), the predictive value of DTI for classifying the dominant hemisphere for language was assessed relative to the existing standard - the intra-carotid Amytal (Wada) procedure. Our specific hypothesis is that language laterality in...

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